Kratom Alkaloids and Compounds

Indole alkaloid. Analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, adrenergic, antimalarial, possible psychedelic (5-HT2A) antagonist. Roughly 66% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

It is used for anxiety, cough, depression, diabetes, diarrhea, high blood pressure, pain, to improve sexual performance, and to lessen symptoms of opiate withdrawal.

Analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal; primary psychoactive in Kratom, Roughly 2% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

There is evidence that these alkaloids can have analgesic (pain relieving), anti-inflammatory, or muscle relaxant effects. For this reason, kratom is often used to ease symptoms of fibromyalgia.

Cerebrocirculant, antiaggregant, anti-adrenergic (at alpha-1), sedative, anticonvulsant, smooth muscle relaxer. Also found in Rauwolfia serpentina.

The Rauwolfia alkaloid, raubasine (ajmalicine), has been found to have broad application in the treatment of circulatory diseases, especially in the relief of obstruction of normal cerebral blood flow. In combination with other Rauwolfia alkaloids it has been used to lower high blood pressure. Raubasine is an antihypertensive drug used in the treatment of high blood pressure.

Akuammigine is a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid with formula C21H24N2O3, isolated from Vinca sardoa and Uncaria rhynchophylla. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid, a methyl ester and an organic heteropentacyclic compound.

Akuammigine is an oxindole alkaloid. Akuammigine shows antiadrenergic activity and thus reduces heart rate.

Antitussive, analgesic. < 1% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

μ -opioid antagonist, also found in Yohimbe. < 1% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

Corynantheidine is an alkaloid. It has a role as a metabolite. Corynanthine has also been shown to possess some activity at serotonin receptors.

Calcium channel blocker. < 1% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

Corynoxeine is a compound isolated from Uncaria rhynchophylla, a traditional Chinese herb that has been applied to the treatment of convulsive disorders in China. Corynoxeine was found to inhibit PDGF-BB-induced activation of ERK1/2 and vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation. Corynoxeine found to induce autophagy in different neuronal cell lines, including N2a and SHSY-5Y cells and may have potential application for the prevention or treatment of Parkinson’s disease.

Dopamine mediating anti-locomotives. < 1% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

Antioxidant, antiaggregant, antibacterial, antidiabetic, antihepatitic, anti-inflammatory, anti-leukemic, antimutagenic, antiperoxidant, antiviral, potential cancer preventative, alpha-amylase inhibitor. Also found in dark chocolate.

Epicatechin has been widely studied as a potential therapeutic compound in a wide variety of conditions including cancers, diabetes, heart conditions, and neurological conditions. Epicatechin is available as a natural health supplement and marketed for bodybuilding and the treatment of high blood pressure, high cholesterol, immune support, low testosterone, high blood sugar, and improved memory.

Partial opioid agonist

 Immunostimulant, anti-leukemic. < 1% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

Current research is focusing on antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects and its in vivo efficacy to induce apoptosis in human breast cancer, sarcoma as well as lymphoblastic leukaemia cell lines.

< 1% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

Immunostimulant

Isopteropodine is an Uncaria pentacyclic oxindol alkaloid. It is exhibited antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The moderate anti-proliferative effect of isopteropodine was demonstrated on the acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells. Isopteropodine positively modulate the function of rat muscarinic M1 and 5-HT2 receptors expressed in Xenopus oocyte but further studies are necessary to elucidate the exact mechanism by which isopteropodine positively modulates muscarinic M1 and 5-HT2 receptor functions. Isopteropodine blocked the impairment of passive avoidance performance caused by the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine and the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist (+/-)-3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)- propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP) in mouse model. Moreover, it is possible that the glutamatergic systems are implicated in the anti-amnesic effect of isopteropodine.

Immunostimulant. < 1% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

Isorhynchophylline isolated from Uncaria sp. is used in traditional Chinese medicine. It exhibited protective effects against vascular dementia and amnesia by calcium ion channel modulation, Aβ(25–35)-induced neurotoxicity, and promoting autophagy.

< 1% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

Oxindole alkaloid. Vasodilator, antihypertensive, muscle relaxer, diuretic, antiamnesic, anti-leukemic, possible immunostimulant. <1% of total alkaloid contents in Kratom leaf.

Current research is focusing on mitraphylline as a new promising anticancer and anti-inflammatory agent. Its antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects and in vivo efficacy to induce apoptosis has been studied in human breast cancer, sarcoma, bladder cancer as well as lymphoblastic leukaemia cell lines. More studies need to be done to know how much of a role it plays in.

More Information Needed

Indole alkaloid. Smooth muscle relaxer. 8.6% to 9% of total alkaloid contents in Kratom leaf.

It contains several alkaloids and is used in traditional medicine to alleviate musculoskeletal pain, hypertension, coughing, diarrhea, and as an opiate substitute for addicts.

Vasodilator, antihypertensive, calcium channel blocker, antiaggregant, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, anti-arrhythmic, antithelmintic. < 1% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

Rhynchophylline can protect neurons from damage induced by dopamine, which behaves as a free radical at higher concentration.

Weak opioid agonist. 0.8% to 1% of total alkaloid content of Kratom leaf, unique to Kratom.

alkaloid present in less than 1% of alkaloids.

Smooth muscle relaxer. 6.6% to 7% of total alkaloid contents of Kratom leaf.

Indole alkaloid. Anti-leukemic. <1% of total alkaloid contents of Kratom leaf.

More Information Needed

Hypoglycemic, anti-adrenergic (at alpha-2)